QAApologetika

 Torah (Law) & Covenant These two concepts are foundational to biblical theology, especially in the Old Testament, and shape how God relates to humanity. --- 1. Torah (Law) Torah is a Hebrew word meaning "instruction," "teaching," or "law." It refers most specifically to the first five books of the Bible (Genesis–Deuteronomy), also called the Pentateuch or the Books of Moses. - Content: The Torah contains creation narratives, the patriarchal stories, the exodus, the giving of the law at Sinai, and Moses' final speeches. It includes moral laws (the Ten Commandments), ceremonial laws (sacrifices, festivals, purity), and civil laws (governance of Israel). - Meaning of "Law": While often translated "law," torah is broader—it is God's loving instruction for how His people should live in covenant relationship with Him. - Purpose: The law reveals God's character and holiness, exposes sin, and guides Israel as a set-apart nation...

 Bibliology, Hermeneutics & Translation These three areas deal with Scripture itself, how to interpret it, and how to translate it faithfully. --- 1. Bibliology (The Doctrine of Scripture) Bibliology is the study of the Bible—its nature, origin, authority, and characteristics. The term comes from the Greek biblion ("book") and logos ("study"). - Revelation: God reveals Himself through general revelation (creation, conscience—Psalm 19:1; Romans 1:20) and special revelation (Scripture, Christ—Hebrews 1:1–2). The Bible is God's written special revelation. - Inspiration: Scripture is "God-breathed" (theopneustos, 2 Timothy 3:16). The Holy Spirit so superintended the human authors that their writings are truly God's Word. Theories include verbal plenary inspiration (every word, fully inspired) and dynamic inspiration. - Inerrancy: Scripture is without error in all it affirms, including matters of faith and practice (and, in the strict Chicago Statem...

Anthropology, Hamartiology & Angelology These three branches of theology deal with humanity, sin, and the angelic realm. --- 1. Anthropology (The Doctrine of Humanity) Anthropology is the study of humanity—our nature, origin, and purpose. The term comes from the Greek anthropos ("human") and logos ("study"). - Creation in God's Image: Humans are uniquely created in the imago Dei (image of God)—possessing rationality, morality, relational capacity, and stewardship over creation (Genesis 1:26–28). The image was marred by sin but not erased. - The Constituents of Humanity: Humans are composed of body and soul/spirit. Debates include:   - Trichotomy: body, soul, and spirit as three parts.   - Dichotomy: body and soul/spirit as two parts. - Gender and Community: Humanity is created male and female, equal in dignity and value, designed for relationship and complementarity (Genesis 1:27; 2:18–24). - The Fall: Humanity's original state was innocent, but through ...

 Pneumatology (The Holy Spirit) Pneumatology is the branch of theology that studies the person and work of the Holy Spirit. The term comes from the Greek pneuma ("spirit" or "breath") and logos ("study"). Key Areas: - The Person of the Holy Spirit: The Holy Spirit is not an impersonal force but a distinct person—the third person of the Trinity. He possesses intellect (1 Corinthians 2:10–11), will (1 Corinthians 12:11), and emotions (Ephesians 4:30). He is fully God, coequal and coeternal with the Father and the Son (Acts 5:3–4; Matthew 28:19). - The Deity of the Spirit: Scripture attributes divine works and titles to the Spirit—creation (Genesis 1:2), inspiration of Scripture (2 Peter 1:21), and regeneration (John 3:5–8). He is called God (Acts 5:3–4) and Lord (2 Corinthians 3:17). - The Work of the Spirit:   - In Creation: He hovered over the waters and gives life (Genesis 1:2; Psalm 104:30).   - In Christ: He was involved in Christ's incarnation, bap...

Soteriology  (Salvation, the cross, resurrection, faith, predestination, repentance) Soteriology is the branch of theology that studies salvation—how God saves humanity through Jesus Christ. The term comes from the Greek soterion ("salvation") and logos ("study" or "word"). Key Areas: - The Need for Salvation: Humanity is fallen in sin and separated from God (Romans 3:23; 6:23). Sin brings guilt, corruption, and death, making salvation necessary. - The Source of Salvation: Salvation is initiated by God's grace, not human merit (Ephesians 2:8–9). It is grounded in God's love and His eternal purpose. - The Work of Christ: Christ's life, death, and resurrection accomplish salvation. His death is understood as atonement—reconciling sinners to God. Major atonement theories include:   - Penal Substitution: Christ bore the penalty for sin in the sinner's place.   - Christus Victor: Christ defeated sin, death, and Satan.   - Moral Influence: Christ...

 Christology Christology is the branch of theology that studies the person and work of Jesus Christ—who He is (His person) and what He has done (His work). It is a central doctrine of the Christian faith, since the identity of Christ shapes everything else in theology. Key Areas: - The Person of Christ: Christology examines how Jesus is both fully divine and fully human in one person. The Council of Chalcedon (AD 451) defined this as the "hypostatic union"—two natures (divine and human) united in one person (hypostasis) without confusion, change, division, or separation. - The Deity of Christ: Scripture affirms that Jesus is God (John 1:1; Colossians 2:9; Titus 2:13). He is eternal, preexistent, and shares the divine essence with the Father and the Spirit. - The Humanity of Christ: Jesus is also fully human—He was born, grew, experienced hunger, sorrow, and death (Hebrews 4:15). His humanity is essential for Him to represent humanity and to atone for sin. - The Work of Christ...